Increasing access to quality anticancer medicines in low- and middle-income countries: the experience of Uganda.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death with 9.6 million deaths registered in 2018, of which 70% occur in Africa, Asia and Central and South America, the low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). The global annual expenditure on anticancer medicines increased from $96 billion in 2013 to $133 billion in 2017. This growth rate is several folds that of newly diagnosed cancer cases and therefore estimated to reach up to $200 billion by 2022. The Uganda Cancer Institute, Uganda's national referral cancer center, has increased access to cancer medicines through an efficient and cost-saving procurement system. The system has achieved cost savings of more than USD 2,000,000 on a total of 37 of 42 essential cancer medicines. This has resulted in 85.8% availability superseding the WHO's 80% target. All selected products were procured from manufacturers with stringent regulatory authority approval or a proven track record of quality products.

Suspected outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in Kasese district, the investigation and response, April to May 2007.

BACKGROUND: A report of suspected anthrax was submitted by the Kasese District Health Office to the Epidemiology Surveillance Division of Ministry of Health. A joint team comprising officers from MOH, IPH and MPH officers proceeded to the district to investigate the reported threat of anthrax. The investigations were conducted in Bwera HSD, Bukonjo West County, in communities bordering Queen Elizabeth National Park. OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the study were to verify the existence of anthrax and assess the risk factors for the suspected outbreak of anthrax in Kasese district. METHODS: The methods involved discussion with the DHT members; reviewing the surveillance data and hospital records, and reorienting the case definitions to the specific type of anthrax. In addition tracing the reported cases in the community in order to establish exposure to the risk factors and sensitize the community. RESULTS: Cutaneous anthrax was clinically diagnosed as the cause of the reported anthrax, both from the medical records and observation of cases found during the investigation. The index case was a 44 year old male, from Hurukungu village, Kyempara parish, a household with one wife and 4 children. This case skinned a goat that had died under mysterious circumstances and the meat was eaten with family members. Two other cases were members of the same family and the fourth case was from the same community and bought meat from the index case. All the four cases presented with a history of blister like lesions that eventually ulcerated with swelling of surrounding skin in different parts of the body. There were no other systemic symptoms reported in all the cases. All the suspected cases received antibiotics to which anthrax is sensitive. There were no laboratory investigations done by the time of the investigations since many of the cases identified were already on treatment and recovering from the infection, therefore no samples were taken from them. Review of records revealed that reporting of anthrax has continued since the year 2005 with cases ranging from I to 4 from villages that shares a common boarder with Queen Elizabeth National Game Park. This particular outbreak was associated with eating of meat from a goat that had died of unknown cause. The health workers from the health units where cases were reported were found to have the basic knowledge and skills to suspect anthrax. However, they had no guidelines to help them identify cases of anthrax accurately. The available Standard Case Definition (SCD) booklets, IDSR Technical Guidelines, and laboratory SOPs have no information on anthrax. No samples have ever been removed from suspected cases for laboratory investigation. The health units have the appropriate antibiotics for treatment of suspected case. The Local Council Chairpersons, Veterinary extension workers, and the health educators have sensitized the community in the past against eating dead animals and that they should notify the authorities, and bury all dead animals immediately. However this hasn't yet been done for the current outbreak. CONCLUSION: The outbreak of anthrax in Bwera sub-county followed eating of meat from a goat which had died from unknown causes. Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory but treated empirically with antibiotics. All new cases of suspected anthrax that report at the lower health units without laboratory facilities should be referred to hospital for investigation to confirm the diagnosis. There is need to include guidelines on anthrax in the SCD Booklets, laboratory SOPs and IDSR technical guidelines. Resensitization of the affected communities about the prevention of anthrax should be done immediately.